The Panda Labs at the Salk Institute researchers found very few studies had been published on when people eat. As we know people do not have very consistent eating schedules in our modern culture.
At first a little discouraging news came to the researchers when they started asking people when they ate. Most people said they were eating 3 meals a day in a 12-hour window.
However, when the same people were given a smart phone app and asked to take a picture just before eating a revelation occurred. Gill S, Panda S. 2015 Cell Metabolism (2029)
People recorded when they ate and took a picture of what they ate. They recorded when they exercised, and when they slept.
“Surprisingly, in contrast to the self-reported 3 meals/day structure of meals from most of the participants, a breakfast-lunch-dinner temporal pattern was largely absent....At the individual level, the number of events per day showed wide variation…” Gill S, Panda S. 2015 Cell Metabolism (2029)
9 out of 10 people were eating more than 12 hours per day.
(2029)
1 of 2 people were eating more than 15 hours per day. (2029)
“When our eyes are open our mouths are open.”
“In summary, there is a systematic bias toward consuming a larger portion of the daily caloric intake toward the late afternoon and evening hours…in general, food consumed after 6:36 p.m. exceeded the maintenance calories requirement.” Gill S, Panda S. 2015 Cell Metabolism (2029)
Typical eating events patterns for people were shown on a 24-hour clock. Each mark on the 24-hour clock represented one eating event. Shown here is a sample of the type of eating patterns for 6 typical people in the study. Half of the people in the study were eating unless they were sleeping.
This is a change from past generations who lived with food insecurity/scarcity and without electricity and refrigerators. With electricity for perpetual light and plentiful food for round the clock eating we can upset the natural genetic circadian design resulting in disruption of the synchrony between our body clocks and our brain master clock.
Researchers asked 8 overweight or obese people from part 1 of the study, who
were not shift workers, and who were eating for more than 14.75 hours per day, if they would like to participate in a study to determine the health effects of circadian time restricted eating.
Each person was allowed to choose their own 10 hour eating window. Then they would water fast for 14 hours at night.
No restrictions on calories or types of foods were placed. (2029)
The people lost 4.4% bodyweight.
They had unintentionally and naturally reduced the amount (calories) of food they ate.
They reported less hunger at bedtime.
People felt more energetic in the morning and had more overall energy.
People voluntarily continued circadian eating (TRE or time restricted eating). (2029, 2068)
After the Gill and Panda initial study was completed, researchers followed up one
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Buy a bottle of olive oil, enjoy 100% grass fed meats and grass fed butter, eat some fish, to be on your way to controlling cholesterol and heart disease.
“The people who ate the most fat, and the highest cholesterol diets, weighed the least of any group...”
William Castelli 1992 director of the famed Framingham Study (2151)
Almost twice as much food was eaten at the next meal if the person had a high-carb low-fat meal at the previous meal. (807) Dr. David Ludwig, Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard, and Children’s Hospital in Boston.